The scheme of enzymatic preparation of fludarabine-5′-monophosphate from 2-fluoroadenine and cyclocytidine as a donor of arabinose fragment was developed and experimentally proved. Acetylphosphate was used as a donor of phosphate group. Cytidine deaminase, uridine phosphorylase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase and deoxynucleoside kinase recovered from earlier designed strains of Escherichia coli were used as biocatalysts. The synthesized fludarabine-5′-monophosphate is planned for using as a pro-drug in enzymatic pro-medicinal approach to therapy of cancer.

The results of a comparative study of the sugar acid ratio, the content of free organic, ascorbic acid and hydroxycinnamic acids, solids content, pectin and tannins, soluble sugars and major groups bioflavonoids in the fruit of 6 new cultivars of Oxycoccus macrocarpus (Ait). Rers. – Stevens(st), Bain Favorit, Hiliston, Holistar Red, Stankovich, WSU 108 introduced in Belarus. It was found that the highest level of integrated nutritional and vitamin value of fruits of analyzed attributes on jointly. The cultivar Holistar Red is superior to that of the other varieties in 1.8–11 times, while the lowest is WSU 108 and especially Bain Favorit.

The description of the Amblyellus hasdrubal (Kohl) male, rare in Europe is adduced. The description is illustrated by images of imago, of propodeum, of genital and pregenital sternа.

 

Conditions were optimized for chemical mutagenesis of bacteria C. acetobutylicum S1. It was shown that treatment of bacterial culture pre-grown for 8 hours in standard synthetic MSS medium, with N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine at concentration 50 μg/ml in citrate buffer (pH = 5.5) during 60 min at 25 °C allowed to select mutantvariants stably inheriting the trait of resistance to 2.5 % butanol. Analysis of fatty acid composition of cytoplasmic membrane has revealed presence of 2-hexylcyclopropane octanoic acid in mutant distinguished by elevated butanol production.

Distribution of 210^Pb and 210^Po radionuclides in the soils of natural meadow ecosystems and in the arable soil horizons of agroecosystems of the south-eastern region of the Republic of Belarus has been investigated. The difference between the radionuclides content in the upper 0–5-cm layers of organic horizons and in the underlying layers of soils of natural meadow ecosystems has been revealed. The distribution of 210^Pb and 210^Po along the vertical profiles of meadow soils allows assuming that the intake of radionuclides in to soil cover is mainly due to aerosol deposition from atmosphere and their biogenic accumulation in the upper part of the organic horizons. It was shown that in arable horizon of agricultural soils, which are regularly fertilized, content of 210^Pb and 210^Po depends linearly on concentration of mobile phosphorus. Reducing the acidity of soil medium promotes to the reduction of 210^Pb and 210^Po bioavailability and their accumulation in vegetative production. The transfer factors of 210Pb and 210Po for vegetables, which are widespread on the territory of Belarus, were determined. It was established that the transfer factors of 210^Pb and 210^Po are increased in the next order: carrot – potato – cabbage and those for 210^Po were twice as for 210^Pb. 

Infectious diseases became a serious problem for sheep breeding, leading to significant economic losses. The aim of this study: to examine the feasibility of using recombinant interferons as a basis for development of antiviral preparations for sheeps. With reference to comparative analysis of IFN amino acid sequences we can suppose, that neither of the existing IFNbased veterinary preparations is suitable for therapy of ovine viral diseases. Also during this work, synthesized sequence of ovine interferon-α1 gene was cloned in Escherichia coli cells.

Transgenic tobacco plants that express the ndb2 gene were obtained to study the influence of changed level of the ndb2 gene (NAD(P)H dehydrogenase B2, EC 1.6.5.2) expression on the activity of the proteins of mitochondrial localization and stress resistance of plants. The ndb2 gene of 1749 bp was isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana total messenger RNA using RT-PCR. This gene was cloned into the pBI121 plasmid. The pBI121 _ NDB2 vector construction containing the ndb2 gene under the control of the 35S CaMV promoter was created on the basis of the pBI121 plasmid. The pBI121_NDB2 efficiency for transformation was demonstrated. The ndb2 gene integration into the tobacco genome was confirmed experimentally. The tobacco lines expressing target ndb2 gene were obtained.

The study of genetic variability of Ribes nigrum varieties grown in Belarus with using of 7 microsatellite markers showed that modern Belarussian varieties have close genetic relationship with foreign varieties. The numbers of alleles in the studied loci were from 3 to 11. The average number of unique genotype among 60 samples was 16.3. The discrimination power of markers varied from 0.5 to 0.87 and the mean value was 0.71. All markers possess rather high diagnostic value and allow to identify black currant varieties at the molecular level and can be recommended for DNA-identification of those cultures.

There are optimized conditions for the creation of immobilized inoculum of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subps. plantarum BIM IN-439Д for weaning-topping cultivation of bacteria in order to increase the competitiveness of the biopesticide Betaprotektin. The use of immobilized bacterial cells in weaning-topping fermentation allows to increase the dilution speed to 0.25 l/h–1, ensures the high quality of the biopesticide Betaprotektin and the growth process productivity by an average of 17 % in comparison with the control option by using liquid inoculum.

Pre-harvesting germination of grain causes a considerable loss and it is one of the reasons for the decline of sowing and technological properties of grain. In this regard, the aim of this work was to elucidate the role of hydrolytic enzymes in the grain crop sustainability to germination in the ear. The object of the study were di- and tetraploid forms of rye and hexaploid forms of triticale and secalotriticum. The research allowed to select a stable and productive form of cereals to evaluate the resistance to grain germination for assessment of resistance to germination of grain at the root. It is shown that the germination of the grain at the root is affected by the ploidy of rye and the type of cytoplasm from heteroplasmic triticale. It is shown different levels of activity of proteolytic and amylolytic enzymes in the studied genotypes of cereals. Winter triticale had a marked higher level of activity of neutral, alkaline protease and α-amylase. Variation in the level of BAPase activity is 7.15– 24.4 EA/g. a. d. m. and α-amylase activity – 92 –118.7 mg/ml∙h. It is shown the close correlation between the activity of alkaline BAPase, α-amylase and resistance to the cereal grain germination in the ear. Heterogeneity of an electrophoretical range of proteins at the studied genotypes of rye and triticale is shown. The obtained data make a contribution to clarification of the reasons underlying the resistance of cereal cultures to germination of grain at the root and open possibilities of identification of their markers for use in selection.

The long-term dynamics of the relic calanoid copepode E. lacustris density in two Belarusian lakes inhabited by this species was studied, as well as link of number alien kalanoid copepode E. velox with quality of water of the inhabited water objects. The decrease of the E. lacustris density in both of lakes was determined. Despite the relative low index of density and its significant seasonal and year fluctuation, populations remain stabilized and reproducible. The alien species E. velox populates reservoirs of the South of Belarus with a wide range of a trofnost and impurity, preferring the moderate polluted waters. It is a prerequisite for further expansion.

In the conditions of the Forest steppe zone of Ukraine the adverse meteorological phenomena is observed, as a result it exerts the dominating impact on peach's pollen development. Therefore the main task of current research was the generative features of genus Persica. The purpose – to study pollen micromorphological features of a surface the sort Persica Mill. representatives in the conditions of Forest steppe zone to show differences which could be used in identification of a genus. Objects of research – species of P. davidiana Carr. and P. vulgaris Mill. collections of the National botanical garden of M. M. Gryshko NAS of Ukraine. To carry out our research we used previously dried pollen. At research of morphological parameters we used scanning electronic microscopes of REMMA-102 of JSC SELMI (Sumy, Ukraine) and GSM-6700F (JEOL, Japan). For measurements of pollen grains we used the Axio Vision 40 V 4.8.2.0 (Carl Zeiss) licensed program. Sculptural elements of pollen are located meridionaly and in parallel, usually faltering, short and extended walls alternate with twisting fillets. Results of measurements of length of a polar axis and equatorial diameter showed that pollen grains of the studied species are characterized as big and vary in amount from 47.89 to 64.27 mkm on a polar axis and 25.60 to 34.74 mkm from the equatorial diameter. The average index of a form is in the range from 1.75 to 1.99 mkm which is smaller for P. davidiana (1.75–1.80). Comparative and morphological analysis of pollen of two peach species in conditions of the Forest steppe zone of Ukraine showed that qualitative signs of difference of pollen grains P. davidiana and P. vulgaris. First of all there are lack of perforation, a form and sculptural elements, and also quantitative: length of a polar axis and equatorial diameter. The statistical analysis of the received values and the allocated signs of studied peach genotypes allowed us to mark out some features which would be helpful at identification of pollen grains of different species.

Immunomodulation is a modulation (regulatory adjustment) of the immune system at the return of the immune status to the normal level. Of particular interest are the immunomodulatory drugs of microbial origin. Under the influence of these drugs are enhanced functional properties of phagocytes (increased phagocytosis and intracellular killing of bacteria absorbed), increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, required for the initiation of humoral and cellular immunity. The article presents the results of studing activity of the biological activator obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell. Activator induse the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8) by blood donor’s cells. As a result, that isolated from yeast cell lysate glycoprotein has the ability to induce synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines blood cells, largely induced synthesis of IL-8. These results indicate that isolated from yeast cell lysate glycoprotein has the ability to activate neutrophils donors by changing expression adhesion markers (CD162, CD177) and cell activation (CD69, CD281, CD282, CD286). Under the influence of the glycoprotein Saccharomyces cerevisiae on neutrophils occurs as a significant increase in the percentage of CD281+282+ cells and CD282+286+ cells. After the interaction of blood cells with the yeast glycoprotein, the percentage of neutrophils expressing CD162 reduced significantly, thus there is a significant increase in cells expressing the CD177 marker.

Blackleg, harmful and widespread disease of rape, is caused by two species of fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa, L. maculans does more significant losses to crop. Both pathogens are hemibiotrophs. They can persist for many years in the stubble and crop residues. The source of primary infection for rape seedlings are ascospores and picnidiospores. Blackleg develops on all plant organs. The disease manifests on the leaves and pods as dry gray oval spots, on the stems may occur most damaging defeat of plants (stem cancer), on the roots – dry root rot. The severity of symptoms increased at high temperatures, so global warming leads to greater threat of blackleg. L. maculans genome was sequenced and seven avirulence genes were cloned. Rapeseed genome also sequenced but only one gene was cloned of 14 known major resistance genes to L. maculans. The interaction of avirulence genes with complementary resistance genes in Brassica – L. maculans system occurs by «gene to gene». All known major rape resistance genes to L. maculans were localized in A – genome, but resistance loci were identified also in C-genome of rape by association mapping. Some resistance genes were introgressed into rape from other species (B. rapa, B. juncea, B. nigra). Besides the major genes of juvenile (race-specific) resistance there were identified minor genes of quantitative (partial, field) blackleg rape resistance. It is necessary to intensify the research of rape resistance genetics to L. biglobosa which causes significant yield loss in countries with high summer temperatures.

Blackleg is harmful and widespread disease of rape, including the Republic of Belarus. To control the disease are agricultural practices: crop rotation, tillage, the optimum time of sowing, seeding rate, fertilizer rates and pesticide treatments. Depending on the conditions in the areas of cultivation of this crop it is recommended to return to the previous field in 3–5 years, in Belarus – in 4–5 years. Good reception of blackleg control – plowing of crop residues to fall. Seed treatment and spraying of soil and plants with fungicides are conducted in different countries to combat blackleg disease. The best way to control of blackleg disease is cultivation of resistant varieties. Since Leptosphaeria maculans overcomes major resistance genes, the disease can be controlled through the diversification of cultivated varieties for resistance genes and their placement. Rotation of cultivars containing different genes or combinations of resistance genes is recommended to carry out every four years. Regular monitoring of virulent gene frequency is important in order to determine the effectiveness of known major resistance genes. One strategy for increasing of durable resistance to blackleg is the use of single major genes or their different combinations on genetic background with non-specific resistance. Durability of resistance can be increased using composition of species or varieties with different resistance genes on one field and interfield diversification. It is necessary and to provide of rape protect from L. biglobosa, which can cause significant damage, especially for varieties with effective major resistance genes to L. maculans. Moreover, chemical rape protection against L. biglobosa requires of higher triazole doses than to control L. maculans, so there is a great need for selection of rape cultivars with resistance to both L. maculans and L. biglobosa