МАЛЫЕ НЕКОДИРУЮЩИЕ РНК: БИОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ РОЛЬ И БИОМЕДИЦИНСКОЕ ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ

Малые некодирующие РНК (мнРНК) – короткие РНК, участвующие в регуляции экспрессии генов, иммунитете клетки и посттранскрипционных модификациях РНК. Среди всего разнообразия мнРНК наибольший интерес в плане биомедицинского применения представляют три класса малых РНК: малые интерферирующие РНК (миРНК), микроРНК и piwi-interacting РНК (пиРНК). МиРНК и микроРНК схожи по функциям и механизму действия: их главной задачей является сайленсинг генов на посттранскрипционном этапе. В отличие от них, пиРНК обеспечивает, главным образом, стабильность генома эмбриона путем блокирования активности мобильных элементов ДНК. Дисрегуляция мнРНК наблюдается при различных заболеваниях. Установлено, что нарушения экспрессии мнРНК возникают при развитии онкологических, неврологических, сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, диабете. МнРНК могут выступать в качестве диагностических биомаркеров заболеваний и как компонент генно-терапевтических препаратов. Использование мнРНК как биомаркеров в медицине весьма перспективно, а существующие ограничения связаны со сложностью выявления мнРНК, различающихся одним или несколькими нуклеотидами. Весьма многообещающим является использование мнРНК в генной терапии, поскольку с их помощью гипотетически возможно отключить любой белковый компонент, не изменяя геном, что гораздо безопаснее других предлагаемых методов генной терапии. Главной задачей для клинического использования миРНК и микроРНК на сегодняшний день является создание эффективных систем доставки в клетки-мишени, поскольку несвязанные мнРНК не способны проникать через мембраны и разрушаются под действием ряда ферментов крови и тканей. Таким образом, несмотря на ряд имеющихся проблем, мнРНК являются перспективными агентами для диагностики и терапии целого спектра заболеваний.

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