Among all yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), thousand grain weight (TGW) is especially important as the most stable trait with high heritability. Grain weight is mainly determined by its size (length and width). Polymorphism of TaGW2-6A, TaGW2-6B, TaTGW6-A1, TaGS3-4A, TaGS5-3A, TaGS3-D1, TaGASR7-A1, TaCKX6-D1, TaD11-2A, and TaCYP78A5 genes, involved in the regulation of grain size, was analyzed in the collection of 40 common wheat lines with introgressions of Triticum species genetic material and 15 parental genotypes. The aim was to identify the association of allelic variants of these genes with grain weight and to assess the potential for combining high TGW with grain quality in wheat lines with alien genetic material. It was established that these genes significantly contribute to the variability of the studied traits, except for TaGW2-6A and TaD11-2A, for which no role was identified in the formation of morphometric parameters and TGW, respectively. The favorable haplotypes/alleles frequency for most genes was high (60.0–100.0 %) across the collection. Haplotype combination TaGS3-D1a, H1c, Hap-6A-G, Hap-6B-2, TaD11-2A-HapI, and Ap-HapII was most frequent in genotypes with high TGW.
On average over the two-year study period, introgression lines exhibited significantly greater grain length but significantly lower grain width compared to varieties; TGW was higher than in the parental forms, but statistically significant superiority was noted only in comparison with common wheat relatives. Among the studied 40 introgression lines, 19 significantly surpassed the original variety in TGW, with 11 of these also demonstrating high grain protein and gluten content. The results indicate the possibility of obtaining wheat lines with alien genetic material combining high grain weight with improved grain quality.

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