vestibИзвестия Национальной академии наук Беларуси. Серия биологических наукProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Biological Series1029-89402524-230XThe Republican Unitary Enterprise Publishing House "Belaruskaya Navuka"10.29235/1029-8940-2024-69-2-134-142vestib-917Research ArticleСтатьиУрбанизированная группировка черного дрозда (Turdus merula) в г. Минске: идентичный сценарий происхождения через два столетияUrban population of blackbird (Turdus merula) in Minsk: identical scenario of the origin two centuries laterhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6673-8118СахвонВ. В.SakhvonV. V.

Сахвон Виталий Валерьевич – канд. биол. наук, доцент, заместитель декана

пр. Независимости, 4, 220030, г. Минск

Vital V. Sakhvon – Ph. D. (Biol.), Associate Professor, Deputy Dean

4, Nezavisimosti Ave., 220030, Minsk

sakhvon@gmail.comГомельК. В.HomelK. V.

Гомель Константин Вячеславович ‒ канд. биол. наук, вед. науч. сотрудник

ул. Академическая, 27, 220072, г. Минск

Kanstantsin V. Homel ‒ Ph. D. (Biol.), Leading Researcher

27, Akademicheskaya Str., 220072, Minsk

homelkv@gmail.comСемёноваА. А.SemionovaA. A.

Семёнова Анастасия   Александровна – науч. сотрудник

ул. Академическая, 27, 220072, г. Минск

Anastasiya A. Semionova – Researcher

27, Akademicheskaya Str., 220072, Minsk

НикифоровМ. Е.NikiforovM. E.

Никифоров Михаил Ефимович – академик, д-р биол. наук, заведующий лабораторией

ул. Академическая, 27, 220072, г. Минск

Michail E. Nikiforov – Academician, D. Sc. (Biol.), Head of the Laboratory

27, Akademicheskaya Str., 220072, Minsk

nikif@tut.byБелорусский государственный университетBelarusian State UniversityНаучно-практический центр НАН Беларуси по биоресурсамScientific and Practical Center of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus for Bioresources202428042024692134142Copyright © Сахвон В.В., Гомель К.В., Семёнова А.А., Никифоров М.Е., 20242024Сахвон В.В., Гомель К.В., Семёнова А.А., Никифоров М.Е.Sakhvon V.V., Homel K.V., Semionova A.A., Nikiforov M.E.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vestibio.belnauka.by/jour/article/view/917

Недавно сформировавшуюся на территории г. Минска городскую группировку черного дрозда отличает от лесных популяций этого вида ряд экологических особенностей. В западной части Европы черный дрозд начал вселяться в города еще два столетия назад, начиная с городов Германии. Предполагалось, что затем птицы из городских группировок стали расселяться в восточном, северном и южном направлениях путем перемещения из одного города в другой. Приведенные в статье данные молекулярно-генетического анализа проясняют, является ли вся популяция черного дрозда на территории Беларуси единой, либо есть дифференциация между группировками вида из г. Минска и естественных лесных местообитаний. Для микросателлитного анализа были взяты пробы от городских (п = 15) и лесных (п = 21) черных дроздов из различных регионов Беларуси.

Установлено, что как внутри популяций, так и между популяциями из естественного и урбанизированного ландшафта существует постоянный обмен генами. Полученные данные указывают на местное происхождение городских птиц в г. Минске, т. е. формирование городской группировки вида происходит таким же путем, как это было в Германии почти два столетия назад.

A recently formed urban group of blackbirds in Minsk differs from forest populations of the species in several ecological characteristics. In the western part of Europe, blackbirds began moving into cities around two hundred years ago, starting from Germany. It was assumed that later birds from the urban population began moving from one city to another in the eastern, northern, and southern directions. Based on the results of the molecular genetic analysis, it is clarified whether the blackbird population in Belarus is a single population or whether there exists a differentiation between groups from urban and forest habitats. To perform a microsatellite analysis, samples were collected from urban (п = 15) and forest (п = 21) blackbirds from different regions of Belarus.

It was discovered that there is a constant exchange of genes within and between the populations from natural and urban habitats. The obtained data suggest the local origin of blackbirds in Minsk, which means that the formation of the urban birds is happening in the same way as in Germany almost two centuries ago.

черный дрозд Turdus merulaгенетический полиморфизммикросателлитыурбоэкосистемаМинскБеларусьblackbird Turdus merulagenetic polymorphismmicrosatellitesurban ecosystemMinskBelarusИсследования выполнены при поддержке гранта БРФФИ (Б21МС-041)The research was carried out with the support of the BRFFR grant (B21MS-041)ReferencesFerenc, M. Are cities different? Patterns of species richness and beta diversity of urban bird communities and regional species assemblages in Europe / M. Ferenc [et al.] // Global Ecol. Biogeogr. – 2014. – Vol. 23, N 4. – P. 479–489. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12130Ferenc M., Sedláček O., Fuchs R., Dinetti M., Fraissinet M., Storch D. Are cities different? Patterns of species richness and beta diversity of urban bird communities and regional species assemblages in Europe. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2014, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 479–489. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12130Shochat, E. Credit or debit? Resource input changes population dynamics of city-slicker birds / E. Shochat // OIKOS. – 2004. – Vol. 106, N 3. – P. 622–626. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.13159.xShochat E. Credit or debit? Resource input changes population dynamics of city-slicker birds. OIKOS, 2004, vol. 106, no. 3, pp. 622–626. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.13159.xFrom patterns to emerging processes in mechanistic urban ecology / E. Shochat [et al.] // Trends Ecol. Evol. – 2006. – Vol. 21, N 4. – P. 186–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.11.019Shochat E., Warren P. S., Faeth S. H., McIntyre N. E., Hope D. From patterns to emerging processes in mechanistic urban ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 2006, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 186–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.11.019Trophic dynamics in urban communities / S. H. Faeth [et al.] // BioScience. – 2005. – Vol. 55, N 5. – P. 399–407. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0399:TDIUC]2.0.CO;2Faeth S. H., Shochat E., Marussich W. A. Trophic dynamics in urban communities. BioScience, 2005, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 399–407. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0399:TDIUC]2.0.CO;2Tomiałojć, L. Human initiation of synurbic populations of waterfowl, raptors, pigeons and cage birds / L. Tomiałojć // Ecology and conservation of birds in urban environments / eds. E. Murgui, M. Hedblom. – Cham, 2017. – P. 271–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43314-1_14Tomiałojć L. Human initiation of synurbic populations of waterfowl, raptors, pigeons and cage birds. Ecology and conservation of birds in urban environments. Cham, 2017, pp. 271–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43314-1_14Sakhvon, V. Distribution and habitat preferences of the urban Woodpigeon (Columba palumbus) in the north-eastern breeding range in Belarus / V. Sakhvon, L. Kövér // Landscape Urban Planning. – 2020. – Vol. 201. – Art. 103846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103846Sakhvon V., Kövér L. Distribution and habitat preferences of the urban Woodpigeon (Columba palumbus) in the north-eastern breeding range in Belarus. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2020, vol. 201, art. 103846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103846Wysocki, D. Biometrical analysis of an urban population of the Blackbird (Turdus merula) in Szczecin (NW Poland) / D. Wysocki // Ring. – 2002. – Vol. 24, N 2. – P. 69–76.Wysocki D. Biometrical analysis of an urban population of the Blackbird (Turdus merula) in Szczecin (NW Poland). Ring, 2002, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 69–76.A conceptual framework for the colonization of urban areas: the blackbird Turdus merula as a case study / K. L. Evans [et al.] // Biol. Rev. – 2010. – Vol. 85, N 3. – P. 643–667. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00121.xEvans K. L., Hatchwell B. J., Parnell M., Gaston K. J. A conceptual framework for the colonization of urban areas: the blackbird Turdus merula as a case study. Biological Reviews, 2010, vol. 85, no. 3, pp. 643–667. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00121.xMendes, S. Bird song variations along an urban gradient: The case of the European blackbird (Turdus merula) / S. Mendes, V. Colino-Rabanal, S. Peris // Landscape and Urban Planning. – 2011. – Vol. 99, N 1. – P. 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.08.013Mendes S., Colino-Rabanal V., Peris S. Bird song variations along an urban gradient: The case of the European blackbird (Turdus merula). Landscape and Urban Planning, 2011, vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.08.013Loss of migration and urbanization in birds: a case study of the blackbird (Turdus merula) / A. P. Møller [et al.] // Oecologia. – 2014. – Vol. 175. – P. 1019–1027. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-014-2953-3Møller A. P., Jokimäki J., Skorka P., Tryjanowski P. Loss of migration and urbanization in birds: a case study of the blackbird (Turdus merula). Oecologia, 2014, vol. 175, pp. 1019–1027. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-014-2953-3Russ, A. Altered breeding biology of the European blackbird under artificial light at night / A. Russ, T. Lučeničová, R. Klenke // J. Avian Biol. – 2017. – Vol. 48, N 8. – P. 1114–1125. https://doi.org/10.1111/jav.01210Russ A., Lučeničová T., Klenke R. Altered breeding biology of the European blackbird under artificial light at night. Journal of Avian Biology, 2017, vol. 48, no. 8, pp. 1114–1125. https://doi.org/10.1111/jav.01210Partecke, J. Differences in the timing of reproduction between urban and forest European blackbirds (Turdus merula): result of phenotypic flexibility or genetic differences? / J. Partecke, T. Van’t Hof, E. Gwinner // Proc. Royal Soc. B. – 2004. – Vol. 271, N 1552. – P. 1995–2001. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.2821Partecke J., Van’t Hof T., Gwinner E. Differences in the timing of reproduction between urban and forest European blackbirds (Turdus merula): result of phenotypic flexibility or genetic differences? Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 2004, vol. 271, no. 1552, pp. 1995–2001. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.2821Partecke, J. Is urbanisation of European blackbirds (Turdus merula) associated with genetic differentiation? / J. Partecke, E. Gwinner, S. Bensch // J. Ornithol. – 2006. – Vol. 147, N 4. – P. 549–552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-006-0078-0Partecke J., Gwinner E., Bensch S. Is urbanisation of European blackbirds (Turdus merula) associated with genetic differentiation? Journal fur Ornithology, 2006, vol. 147, no. 4, pp. 549–552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-006-0078-0Synurbization processes in an urban population of Apodemus agrarius. I. Characteristics of population in urbanization gradient / R. Andrzejewski [et al.] // Acta Theriologicae. – 1978. – Vol. 23, N 20. – P. 341–358. https://doi.org/10.4098/AT.arch.78-24Andrzejewski R., Babińska-Werka J., Gliwicz J., Goszczyński J. Synurbization processes in an urban population of Apodemus agrarius. I. Characteristics of population in urbanization gradient. Acta Theriologicae, 1978, vol. 23, no. 20, pp. 341–358. https://doi.org/10.4098/AT.arch.78-24Gliwicz, J. Characteristic features of animal populations under synurbanization – the case of the Blackbird and the striped field mouse / J. Gliwicz, J. Goszczyński, M. Luniak // Memorabilia Zoologica. – 1994. – Vol. 49. – P. 237–244.Gliwicz J., Goszczyński J., Luniak M. Characteristic features of animal populations under synurbanization – the case of the Blackbird and the striped field mouse. Memorabilia Zoologica, 1994, vol. 49, pp. 237–244.Обыкновенный хомяк (Cricetus cricetus) в Предкавказье: генетическая структура городских и пригородных популяций / Н. Ю. Феоктистова [и др.] // Генетика. – 2019. – Т. 55, N 3. – С. 312–324.Feoktistova N. Y., Meschersky I. G., Bogomolov P. L., Meschersky S. I., Poplavskaya N. S., Chunkov M. M., Yufereva V. V., Tel’pov V. A., Surov A. V. Genetic Structure of Urban and Suburban Populations of Common Hamster (Cricetus cricetus) in Ciscaucasia. Russian Journal of Genetics, 2019, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 337–348. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1022795419020054Evolution on a local scale: developmental, functional, and genetic bases of divergence in bill form and associated changes in song structure between adjacent habitats / A. V. Badyaev [et al.] // Evolution. – 2008. – Vol. 62, N 8. – P. 1951– 1964. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00428.xBadyaev A. V., Young R. L., Oh K. P., Addison C. Evolution on a local scale: developmental, functional, and genetic bases of divergence in bill form and associated changes in song structure between adjacent habitats. Evolution, 2008, vol. 62, no. 8, pp. 1951–1964. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00428.xTomiałojć, L. The urban population of the wood pigeon Columba palumbus Linneaus, 1758 in Europe – its origin, increase and distribution / L. Tomiałojć // Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia. – 1976. – Vol. 21. – P. 586–631.Tomiałojć L. The urban population of the wood pigeon Columba palumbus Linneaus, 1758 in Europe – its origin, increase and distribution. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 1976, vol. 21, pp. 586–631.Сахвон, В. В. Многолетняя динамика населения гнездящихся птиц на территории памятника природы республиканского значения «Дубрава» (Минск) / В. В. Сахвон, В. Ч. Домбровский // Журн. Белорус. гос. ун-та. Биология. – 2018. – № 3. – С. 48–54.Sakhvon V. V., Dombrovskii V. Ch. Interannual dynamics of breeding bird assemblage within the republican natural monument “Dubrava” (Minsk). Zhurnal Belorusskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Biologiya = Journal of the Belarusian State University. Biology, 2018, no. 3, pp. 48–54 (in Russian).Сахвон, В. В. Межгодовая динамика видового разнообразия птиц Центрального ботанического сада НАН Беларуси (Минск) / В. В. Сахвон, К. А. Федоринчик // Журн. Белорус. гос. ун-та. Биология. – 2020. – № 2. – С. 66–74.Sakhvon V. V., Fedorinchik K. A. Interannual dynamics of breeding bird assemblage within the Central Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus (Minsk). Zhurnal Belorusskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Biologiya = Journal of the Belarusian State University. Biology, 2020, no. 2, pp. 66–74 (in Russian).Сахвон, В. В. Особенности гнездования черного дрозда (Turdus merula) в условиях городских древесных насаждений г. Минска / В. В. Сахвон // Журн. Белорус. гос. ун-та. Экология. – 2021. – № 4. – С. 46–53.Sakhvon V. V. Nesting features of Blackbird (Turdus merula) in urban green spaces in Minsk. Zhurnal Belorusskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ekologiya = Journal of the Belarusian State University. Ecology, 2021, vol. 4, pp. 46–53 (in Russian).Matschiner, M. TANDEM: integrating automated allele binning into genetics and genomics workflows / M. Matschiner, W. Salzburger // Bioinformatics. – 2009. – Vol. 25, N 15. – P. 1982–1983. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp303Matschiner M., Salzburger W. TANDEM: integrating automated allele binning into genetics and genomics workflows. Bioinformatics, 2009, vol. 25, no. 15, pp. 1982–1983. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp303Apparent heterozygote deficiencies observed in DNA typing data and their implications in forensic applications / R. Chakraborty [et al.] // Ann. Hum. Genet. – 1992. – Vol. 56, N 1. – P. 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.1992.tb01128.xChakraborty R., de Andrade M., Daiger S. P., Budowle B. Apparent heterozygote deficiencies observed in DNA typing data and their implications in forensic applications. Annals of Human Genetics, 1992, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.1992.tb01128.xBrookfield, J. F. Y. A simple new method for estimating null allele frequency from heterozygote deficiency / J. F. Y. Brookfield // Mol. Ecol. – 1996. – Vol. 5, N 3. – P. 453–455. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.1996.tb00336.xBrookfield J. F. Y. A simple new method for estimating null allele frequency from heterozygote deficiency. Molecular Ecology, 1996, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 453–455. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.1996.tb00336.xRaymond, M. GENEPOP (Version 1.2): Population Genetics Software for Exact Tests and Ecumenicism / M. Raymond, F. Rousset // J. Hered. – 1995. – Vol. 86, N 3. – P. 248–249. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111573Raymond M., Rousset F. GENEPOP (Version 1.2): Population Genetics Software for Exact Tests and Ecumenicism. Journal of Heredity, 1995, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 248–249. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111573Rousset, F. GENEPOP’007: a complete re-implementation of the genepop software for Windows and Linux / F. Rousset // Mol. Ecol. Resources. – 2008. – Vol. 8, N 1. – P. 103–106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01931.xRousset F. GENEPOP’007: a complete re-implementation of the genepop software for Windows and Linux. Molecular Ecology Resources, 2008, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 103‒106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01931.xPeakall, R. GENALEX 6: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research / R. Peakall, P. E. Smouse // Mol. Ecol. Notes. – 2006. – Vol. 6, N 1. – P. 288–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01155.xPeakall R., Smouse P. E. GENALEX 6: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research. Molecular Ecology Notes, 2006, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 288–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01155.xPeakall, R. GenAlEx 6.5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research-an update / R. Peakall, P. E. Smouse // Bioinformatics. – 2012. – Vol. 28, N. 19. – P. 2537–2539. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts460Peakall R., Smouse P. E. GenAlEx 6.5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research-an update. Bioinformatics, 2012, vol. 28, no. 19, pp. 2537–2539. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts460Cornuet, J. M. Description and power analysis of two tests for detecting recent population bottlenecks from allele frequency data / J. M. Cornuet, G. Luikart // Genetics. – 1997. – Vol. 144, N 4. – P. 2001–2014. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/144.4.2001Cornuet J. M., Luikart G. Description and power analysis of two tests for detecting recent population bottlenecks from allele frequency data. Genetics, 1997, vol. 144, no. 4, pp. 2001–2014. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/144.4.2001Weir, B. Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population-structure / B. Weir, C. C. Cockerham // Evolution. – 1984. – Vol. 38, N 6. – P. 1358–1370. https://doi.org/10.2307/2408641Weir B., Cockerham C. C. Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population-structure. Evolution, 1984, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 1358–1370. https://doi.org/10.2307/2408641DiveRsity: An R package for the estimation and exploration of population genetics parameters and their associated errors / K. Keenan [et al.] // Meth. Ecol. Evol. – 2013. – Vol. 4, N 8. – P. 782–788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12067Keenan K., Mcginnity P., Cross T. F., Crozier W. W., Prodöhl, P. A. DiveRsity: An R package for the estimation and exploration of population genetics parameters and their associated errors. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 2013, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 782–788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12067Excoffier, L. Arlequin suite ver 3.5: a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows / L. Excoffier, H. E. L. Lischer // Mol. Ecol. Resources. – 2010. – Vol. 10, N 3. – P. 564–567. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02847.xExcoffier L., Lischer H. E. L. Arlequin suite ver 3.5: a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows. Molecular Ecology Resources, 2010, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 564–567. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02847.xPritchard, J. K. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data / J. K. Pritchard, M. Stephens, P. Donnelly // Genetics. – 2000. – Vol. 155, N 2. – P. 945–959. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/155.2.945Pritchard J. K., Stephens M., Donnelly P. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics, 2000, vol. 155, no. 2, pp. 945–959. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/155.2.945Earl, D. A. STRUCTURE HARVESTER: a website and program for visualizing STRUCTURE output and implementing the Evanno method / D. A. Earl, B. M. von Holdt // Conserv. Genet. Resources. – 2012. – Vol. 4, N 2. – P. 359–361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12686-011-9548-7Earl D. A., von Holdt B. M. STRUCTURE HARVESTER: a website and program for visualizing STRUCTURE output and implementing the Evanno method. Conservation Genet Resources, 2012, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 359–361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12686-011-9548-7Clumpak: a program for identifying clustering modes and packaging population structure inferences across K / N. M. Kopelman [et al.] // Mol. Ecol. Resources. – 2015. – Vol. 15, N 5. – P. 1179–1191. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12387Kopelman N. M., Mayzel J., Jakobsson M., Rosenberg N. A., Mayrose I. Clumpak: a program for identifying clustering modes and packaging population structure inferences across K. Molecular Ecology Resources, 2015, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 1179–1191. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12387GENETIX 4.05, logiciel sous Windows TM pour la génétique des populations. Laboratoire Génome, Populations, Interactions, CNRS UMR 5000, Université de Montpellier II, Montpellier (France) [Electronic resource] / K. Belkir [et al.]. – Montpellier, 2004. – Mode of access: https://kimura.univ-montp2.fr/genetix/. – Date of access: 04.03.2024.Belkir K., Borsa P., Chikhi L., Raufaste N., Bonhomme F., Belkhirr K. GENETIX 4.05, logiciel sous Windows TM pour la génétique des populations. Laboratoire Génome, Populations, Interactions, CNRS UMR 5000, Université de Montpellier II, Montpellier (France). Available at: https://kimura.univ-montp2.fr/genetix/ (accessed 04.03.2024).Hammer, Ø. PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for education and data analysis / Ø. Hammer, D. A. T. Harper, P. D. Ryan // Palaeontologia Electronica. – 2001. – Vol. 4, N 1. – 9 p.Hammer Ø., Harper D. A. T., Ryan P. D. PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica, 2001, vol. 4, no. 1. 9 p.Independent colonization of multiple urban centres by a formerly forest specialist bird species / K. L. Evans [et al.] // Proc. Royal Soc. B: Biol. Sci. – 2009. – Vol. 276, N 1666. – P. 2403–2410. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1712Evans K. L., Gaston K. J., Frantz A. C., Simeoni M., Sharp S. P., McGowan A., Dawson D. A., Walasz K., Partecke J., Burke T., Hatchwell B. J. Independent colonization of multiple urban centres by a formerly forest specialist bird species. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2009, vol. 276, no. 1666, pp. 2403–2410. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1712

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.