vestibИзвестия Национальной академии наук Беларуси. Серия биологических наукProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Biological Series1029-89402524-230XThe Republican Unitary Enterprise Publishing House "Belaruskaya Navuka"10.29235/1029-8940-2018-63-2-232-244vestib-367Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSМАЛЫЕ НЕКОДИРУЮЩИЕ РНК: БИОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ РОЛЬ И БИОМЕДИЦИНСКОЕ ПРИМЕНЕНИЕSMALL NON-CODING RNA: BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS AND BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONАбашкинВ. М.AbashkinV.

мл. науч. сотрудник

Junior researcher

victor.abashkin@yandex.byДмитрукО. Г.DzmitrukV.

канд. биол. наук, ст. науч. сотрудник

Ph. D. (Biol.), Senior researcher

dmitruk.olga@gmail.comЩербинД. Г.ShcharbinD.

д-р биол. наук, доцент, заведующий лабораторией

D. Sc. (Biol.), Assistant Professor, Head of the Laboratory

d.shcharbin@gmail.comИнститут биофизики и клеточной инженерии НАН Беларуси, МинскInstitute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk201821052018632232244Copyright © Абашкин В.М., Дмитрук О.Г., Щербин Д.Г., 20182018Абашкин В.М., Дмитрук О.Г., Щербин Д.Г.Abashkin V., Dzmitruk V., Shcharbin D.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vestibio.belnauka.by/jour/article/view/367

Малые некодирующие РНК (мнРНК) – короткие РНК, участвующие в регуляции экспрессии генов, иммунитете клетки и посттранскрипционных модификациях РНК. Среди всего разнообразия мнРНК наибольший интерес в плане биомедицинского применения представляют три класса малых РНК: малые интерферирующие РНК (миРНК), микроРНК и piwi-interacting РНК (пиРНК). МиРНК и микроРНК схожи по функциям и механизму действия: их главной задачей является сайленсинг генов на посттранскрипционном этапе. В отличие от них, пиРНК обеспечивает, главным образом, стабильность генома эмбриона путем блокирования активности мобильных элементов ДНК. Дисрегуляция мнРНК наблюдается при различных заболеваниях. Установлено, что нарушения экспрессии мнРНК возникают при развитии онкологических, неврологических, сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, диабете. МнРНК могут выступать в качестве диагностических биомаркеров заболеваний и как компонент генно-терапевтических препаратов. Использование мнРНК как биомаркеров в медицине весьма перспективно, а существующие ограничения связаны со сложностью выявления мнРНК, различающихся одним или несколькими нуклеотидами. Весьма многообещающим является использование мнРНК в генной терапии, поскольку с их помощью гипотетически возможно отключить любой белковый компонент, не изменяя геном, что гораздо безопаснее других предлагаемых методов генной терапии. Главной задачей для клинического использования миРНК и микроРНК на сегодняшний день является создание эффективных систем доставки в клетки-мишени, поскольку несвязанные мнРНК не способны проникать через мембраны и разрушаются под действием ряда ферментов крови и тканей. Таким образом, несмотря на ряд имеющихся проблем, мнРНК являются перспективными агентами для диагностики и терапии целого спектра заболеваний.

Small non-coding RNAs (sncRNA) are short RNA molecules that are involved in gene expression, posttranscriptional modifications and cell immunity regulation. The most studied and the most interesting for the medical application classes are small interfering RNA (siRNA), microRNA (miRNA) and piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA). SncRNAs have a wide range of functions. Primary function of siRNA and miRNA is silencing of gene expression by binding or/and degradation of messenger RNA. PiRNA also have this function but its principal function is control of genome stability on the basis of blocking the activity of transposons. Many diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, neurological, and cardiovascular diseases are accompanied by distortion of sncRNA expression. Abnormal sncRNA expression profile can be used as a hallmark to determine certain type of cancer. In all types of cancer were discovered deviations in the sncRNA pool. From the medical point of view sncRNA can be used as disease marker or as a component of gene therapeutic drugs. In the case of markers usage sncRNAs deserve attention as universal and relatively stable samples. But frequently sncRNAs differ just by few nucleotides, which can create difficulties in their distinguishing. In the frame of gene therapy sncRNAs are able to silence theoretically any gene expression. As sncRNA affects mRNA but not DNA it allows avoiding accidental changes in the genome. In this case delivery systems for RNAs are highly needed, because sncRNAs are unable to penetrate the cell membrane and can be degraded by blood enzymes. Despite of existing problems, sncRNAs are promising compounds for the diagnosis and therapy of wide range of diseases.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.