vestibИзвестия Национальной академии наук Беларуси. Серия биологических наукProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Biological Series1029-89402524-230XThe Republican Unitary Enterprise Publishing House "Belaruskaya Navuka"vestib-280Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSГЕНЕТИКА УСТОЙЧИВОСТИ РАПСА (BRASSI CA NAPUS L.) К ФОМОЗУGENETICS OF RAPE (BRASSI CA NAPUS L.) RESISTANCE TO BLACKLEGВолуевичЕ. А.VoluevichE. A.

д-р биол. наук, доцент, гл. науч. сотрудник

D. Sc. (Biol.), Associate Professor, Chief scientific employee

Voluevitch@yandex.ruИнститут генетики и цитологии НАН БеларусиInstitute of Genetics and Cytology of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus20171902201701101118Copyright © Волуевич Е.А., 20172017Волуевич Е.А.Voluevich E.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vestibio.belnauka.by/jour/article/view/280

Фомоз является широко распространенной болезнью рапса, которую вызывают два вида грибных патогенов – Leptosphaeria maculans и L. biglobosa, причем наиболее значимые потери урожаю наносит L. maculans. Оба патогена являются гемибиотрофами. Они способны сохраняться в течение многих лет на стерне и растительных остатках. Источником первичной инфекции для всходов рапса служат аскоспоры и пикнидиоспоры. Фомоз развивается на всех органах растений: на листьях и стручках – в виде серых сухих овальных пятен, на стеблях – в виде рака стебля (наиболее тяжелое поражение растений), на корнях – в виде сухой корневой гнили. При высоких температурах тяжесть симптомов усиливается, поэтому с потеплением климата угроза фомоза еще больше возрастает. Геном L. maculans секвенирован, клонировано 7 генов авирулентности. Секвенирован также геном рапса, но клонирован пока 1 из 14 известных главных генов устойчивости к L. maculans. Взаимодействие генов авирулентности с комплементарными генами устойчивости в фитопатосистеме Brassica – L. maculans происходит по типу «ген на ген». Все известные главные гены устойчивости рапса к L. maculans локализованы в A-геноме, с помощью ассоциативного картирования определены локусы устойчивости и в С-геноме. Некоторые гены устойчивости интрогрессированы в рапс из других видов (B. rapa, B. juncea, B. nigra). Кроме главных генов ювенильной (расоспецифической) устойчивости выявлены малые гены количественной (частичной, полевой) устойчивости рапса к фомозу. Необходимо активизировать изучение генетики устойчивости рапса и к L. biglobosa, который вызывает существенные потери урожая в странах с высокой летней температурой. 

Blackleg, harmful and widespread disease of rape, is caused by two species of fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa, L. maculans does more significant losses to crop. Both pathogens are hemibiotrophs. They can persist for many years in the stubble and crop residues. The source of primary infection for rape seedlings are ascospores and picnidiospores. Blackleg develops on all plant organs. The disease manifests on the leaves and pods as dry gray oval spots, on the stems may occur most damaging defeat of plants (stem cancer), on the roots – dry root rot. The severity of symptoms increased at high temperatures, so global warming leads to greater threat of blackleg. L. maculans genome was sequenced and seven avirulence genes were cloned. Rapeseed genome also sequenced but only one gene was cloned of 14 known major resistance genes to L. maculans. The interaction of avirulence genes with complementary resistance genes in Brassica – L. maculans system occurs by «gene to gene». All known major rape resistance genes to L. maculans were localized in A – genome, but resistance loci were identified also in C-genome of rape by association mapping. Some resistance genes were introgressed into rape from other species (B. rapa, B. juncea, B. nigra). Besides the major genes of juvenile (race-specific) resistance there were identified minor genes of quantitative (partial, field) blackleg rape resistance. It is necessary to intensify the research of rape resistance genetics to L. biglobosa which causes significant yield loss in countries with high summer temperatures.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.