vestibИзвестия Национальной академии наук Беларуси. Серия биологических наукProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Biological Series1029-89402524-230XThe Republican Unitary Enterprise Publishing House "Belaruskaya Navuka"10.29235/1029-8940-2026-71-2-144-156vestib-1013Research ArticleСтатьиОпределение вирусной нагрузки TTV в биологическом материале целевых групп пациентов с использованием молекулярно-генетического методаDetermination of TTV viral load in biological material of target patient groups using a molecular genetic methodhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1931-4224ОсипкинаО. В.OsipkinaO. V.

Осипкина Ольга Викторовна – заведующий научно- исследовательской лабораторией

ул. Ланге, 5, 246000, г. Гомель

Olga V. Osipkina – Head of the Research Laboratory

5, Lange Str., 246000, Gomel

olvik197@gmail.comГомельский государственный медицинский университетGomel State Medical University202630042026712144156Copyright © Осипкина О.В., 20262026Осипкина О.В.Osipkina O.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vestibio.belnauka.by/jour/article/view/1013

В результате проведенных исследований выбрана мишень генома Torque Teno Virus (TTV), разработан набор праймеров и TaqMan-зонда, фланкирующих консервативный регион длиной 111 п. н. (позиции нуклеотидов 103–213 референсного генома TTV TA278 GenBank: AB017610.1), ставший основой молекулярно-генетического метода диагностики TTV-инфекции, позволяющего выявлять и рассчитывать вирусную нагрузку TTV в биологическом материале человека. С помощью разработанного молекулярно-генетического метода обнаружена высокая частота выявления ДНК TTV в плазме (71,4–90,4 %) и в лейкоцитарной фракции крови (81,0–97,1 %) как в контрольной группе, так и у пациентов со вторичным иммунодефицитом, с ВИЧ-инфекцией и тяжелым течением инфекции COVID-19. Определена вирусная нагрузка TTV в целевых группах. Выявлена значимо более низкая медиана вирусной нагрузки TTV в лейкоцитарной фракции крови контрольной группы – 2,58 [1,66; 3,25] log10 копий ДНК TTV/105 клеток, чем в группе пациентов со вторичным иммунодефицитом – 3,67 [1,88; 4,47] log10 копий ДНК TTV/105 клеток (р = 0,0014), пациентов с ВИЧ-инфекцией – 3,84 [3,09; 4,20] log10 копий ДНК TTV/105 клеток (р < 0,001) и в группе пациентов с тяжелым течением инфекции COVID-19, точка 1 – 3,67 [3,09; 3,91] log10 копий ДНК TTV/105 клеток (р < 0,001).

As a result of the conducted research, a target of the Torque Teno Virus (TTV) genome was selected, a set of primers and a TaqMan probe were developed flanking a conserved region of 111 nucleotide pairs (nucleotide positions 103–213 of the TTV reference genome TA278 GenBank: AB017610.1). This probe formed the basis of a molecular genetic method for diagnosing TTV infection, allowing for the detection and calculation of TTV viral load in human biological material. Using the developed molecular genetic method, a high frequency of TTV DNA detection was detected in plasma (71.4–90.4 %) and in the leukocyte fraction of blood (81.0–97.1 %), in both in the control group and in patients afflicted with secondary immunodeficiency, with HIV infection, and severe COVID-19 infection. The TTV viral load in the target groups was determined. A significantly lower median TTV viral load was found in the leukocyte fraction of blood in the control group – 2.58 [1.66; 3.25] log10 TTV DNA copies/105 cells, than in the group of patients with secondary immunodeficiency – 3.67 [1.88; 4.47] log10 TTV DNA copies/105 cells (p = 0.0014), patients with HIV infection – 3.84 [3.09; 4.20] log10 TTV DNA copies/105 cells (p < 0.001) and in the group of patients with severe COVID-19 infection, point 1 – 3.67 [3.09; 3.91] log10 TTV DNA copies/105 cells (p < 0.001).

TTVмолекулярно-генетический методпраймерыПЦРвирусная нагрузкаTTVmolecular genetic methodprimersPCRviral loadReferencesVirus Taxonomy: 2024 Release // International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. – URL: https://ictv.global/taxonomy (date of access: 10.02.2026).Virus Taxonomy: 2024 Release. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Available at: https://ictv.global/taxonomy (accessed 10.02.2026).Anelloviridae taxonomy update 2023 / A. Varsani, S. Kraberger, T. Opriessnig [et al.] // Archives of Virology. – 2023. – Vol. 168. – Art. 277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-023-05903-6Varsani A., Kraberger S., Opriessnig T., Maggi F., Celer V., Okamoto H., Biagini P. Anelloviridae taxonomy update 2023. Archives of Virology, vol. 168, art. 277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-023-05903-6Differentiating between viruses and virus species by writing their names correctly / F. M. Zerbini, S. G. Siddell, A. R. Mu - shegian [et al.] // Archives of Virology. – 2022. – Vol. 167, N 4. – P. 1231–1234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-021-05323-4Zerbini F. M., Siddell S. G., Mushegian A. R., Walker P. J., Lefkowitz E. J., Adriaenssens E. M., Alfenas-Zerbini P. [et al.]. Differentiating between viruses and virus species by writing their names correctly. Archives of Virology, 2022, vol. 167, no. 4, pp. 1231–1234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-021-05323-4A Novel DNA Virus (TTV) Associated with Elevated Transaminase Levels in Posttransfusion Hepatitis of Unknown Etiology / T. Nishizawa, H. Okamoto, K. Konishib [et al.] // Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. – 1997. – Vol. 241, N 1. – P. 92–97. https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1997.7765Nishizawa T., Okamoto H., Konishib K., Yoshizawa H., Miyakawa Y., Mayumi M. A Novel DNA Virus (TTV) Associated with Elevated Transaminase Levels in Posttransfusion Hepatitis of Unknown Etiology. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 1997, vol. 241, no. 1, pp. 92–97. https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1997.7765Laubscher, F. SCANellome V2: Update of the Primate Anellovirus Reference Sequences Database / F. Laubscher, L. Kaiser, S. Cordey // Viruses. – 2024. – Vol. 16, N 9. – Art. 1349. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091349Laubscher F., Kaiser L., Cordey S. SCANellome V2: Update of the Primate Anellovirus Reference Sequences Database. Viruses, 2024, vol. 16, no. 9, art. 1349. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091349Taxonomic update for mammalian anelloviruses (family Anelloviridae) / A. Varsani, T. Opriessnig, V. Celer [et al.] // Archives of Virology. – 2021. – Vol. 166, N 10. – P. 2943–2953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-021-05192-xVarsani A., Opriessnig T., Celer V., Maggi F., Okamoto H., Blomström A.-L., Cadar D., Harrach B., Biagini P., Kraberger S. Taxonomic update for mammalian anelloviruses (family Anelloviridae). Archives of Virology, 2021, vol. 166, no. 10, pp. 2943–2953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-021-05192-xTorque Teno Virus: Lights and Shades / P. Brani, H. Z. Manzoor, P. G. Spezia [et al.] // Viruses. – 2025. – Vol. 17, N 3. – Art. 334. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17030334Brani P., Manzoor H. Z., Spezia P. G., Vigezzi A., Ietto G., Gasperina D. D., Minosse C., Bosi A., Giaroni C., Carcano G., Maggi F., Baj A. Torque Teno Virus: Lights and Shades. Viruses, 2025, vol. 17, no. 3, art. 334. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17030334Prevalence of Torque Teno Virus in Portuguese Children Younger Than 3 Years Old: A Single-Center Study / M.-J. Chasqueira, P. Paixão, C. Barreiros [et al.] // Clinical Pediatrics. – 2025. – Vol. 64, N 10. – P. 1419–1424. https://doi.org/10.1177/00099228251339047Chasqueira M.-J., Paixão P., Barreiros C., Tuna M., Marçal M., Paixão P. Prevalence of Torque Teno Virus in Portuguese Children Younger Than 3 Years Old: A Single-Center Study. Clinical Pediatrics, 2025, vol. 64, no. 10, pp. 1419–1424. https://doi.org/10.1177/00099228251339047Development of PCR Assays with Nested Primers Specific for Differential Detection of Three Human Anelloviruses and Early Acquisition of Dual or Triple Infection during Infancy / M. Ninomiya, M. Takahashi, T. Nishizawa [et al.] // Journal of Clinical Microbiology. – 2008. – Vol. 46, N 2. – P. 507–514. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01703-07Ninomiya M., Takahashi M., Nishizawa T., Shimosegawa T., Okamoto H. Development of PCR Assays with Nested Primers Specific for Differential Detection of Three Human Anelloviruses and Early Acquisition of Dual or Triple Infection during Infancy. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2008, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 507–514. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01703-07The enigmatic roles of Anelloviridae and Redondoviridae in humans / L. Taylor, E. Keeler, F. Bushman, R. Collman // Current Opinion in Virology. – 2022. – Vol. 55. – Art. 101248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101248Taylor L., Keeler E., Bushman F., Collman R. The enigmatic roles of Anelloviridae and Redondoviridae in humans. Current Opinion in Virology, 2022, vol. 55, art. 101248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101248TT virus prevalence, viral loads and genotypic variability in saliva from healthy Japanese children / M. Naganuma, N. Tominaga, T. Miyamura [et al.] // Acta Paediatrica. – 2008. – Vol. 97, N 12. – P. 1686–1690. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.16512227.2008.00962.xNaganuma M., Tominaga N., Miyamura T., Soda A., Moriuchi M., Moriuchi H. TT virus prevalence, viral loads and genotypic variability in saliva from healthy Japanese children. Acta Paediatrica, 2008, vol. 97, no. 12, pp. 1686–1690. https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.00962.xDeep viral blood metagenomics reveals extensive anellovirus diversity in healthy humans / M. Cebriá-Mendoza, C. Arbona, L. Larrea [et al.] // Scientific Reports. – 2021. – Vol. 11, N 1. – Art. 6921. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-86427-4Cebriá-Mendoza M., Arbona C., Larrea L., Díaz W., Arnau V., Peña C., Bou J. V., Sanjuán R., Cuevas J. M. Deep viral blood metagenomics reveals extensive anellovirus diversity in healthy humans. Scientific Reports, 2021, vol. 11, no. 1, art. 6921. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-86427-4Systematic review and meta-analysis of virome profiles and quantification of Torque teno virus load in blood of acute febrile illness patients / C. Angwong, C. Pientong, T. Ekalaksananan [et al.] // Scientific Reports. – 2025. – Vol. 15, N 1. – Art. 45340. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29413-4Angwong C., Pientong C., Ekalaksananan T., Burassakarn A., Tongchai P., Overgaard H. J., Aromseree S. Systematic review and meta-analysis of virome profiles and quantification of Torque teno virus load in blood of acute febrile illness patients. Scientific Reports, 2025, vol. 15, no. 1, art. 45340. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29413-4Immune Monitoring Goes Viral – Torque Teno Virus for Immunologic Risk Stratification After Kidney Transplantation / K. Doberer, S. Kapps, F. Haupenthal, G. Bond // Transplant International. – 2025. – Vol. 38. – Art. 15074. https://doi.org/10.3389/ti.2025.15074Doberer K., Kapps S., Haupenthal F., Bond G. Immune Monitoring Goes Viral – Torque Teno Virus for Immunologic Risk Stratification After Kidney Transplantation. Transplant International, 2025, vol. 38, art. 15074. https://doi.org/10.3389/ti.2025.15074Understanding torquetenovirus (TTV) as an immune marker / E. J. Gore, L. Gard, H. G. M. Niesters, C. C. Van LeerGore E. J., Gard L., Niesters H. G. M., Van Leer Buter C. C. Understanding torquetenovirus (TTV) as an immune marker. Frontiers in Medicine, 2023, vol. 10, art. 1168400. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1168400Buter // Frontiers in Medicine. – 2023. – Vol. 10. – Art. 1168400. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1168400 16. The consortium // TTV GUIDE. – URL: https://www.ttv-guide.eu/team (date of access: 10.02.2026).The consortium. TTV GUIDE. Available at: https://www.ttv-guide.eu/team (accessed 10.02.2026).Investigation of Oral Shedding of Torquetenovirus (TTV) in Moderate-to-Severe COVID-19 Hospitalised Patients / R. A. V. Caixeta, A. M. Batista, M. W. Caetano [et al.] // Viruses. – 2024. – Vol. 16, N 6. – Art. 831. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060831Caixeta R. A. V., Batista A. M., Caetano M. W., Palmieri M., Schwab G., Zerbinati R. M. [et al.]. Investigation of Oral Shedding of Torquetenovirus (TTV) in Moderate-to-Severe COVID-19 Hospitalised Patients. Viruses, 2024, vol. 16, no. 6, art. 831. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060831Respiratory torque teno virus load at emergency department visit predicts intensive care unit admission of SARSCoV-2 infected patients / L. Feghoul, A. Caillault, O. Peyrony [et al.] // Journal of Medical Virology. – 2023. – Vol. 95, N 12. – Art. e29319. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.29319Feghoul L., Caillault A., Peyrony O., Salmona M., Nere M.‐L., Delaugerre C., Azoulay E., Chevret S., LeGoffet J. Respiratory torque teno virus load at emergency department visit predicts intensive care unit admission of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Journal of Medical Virology, 2023, vol. 95, no. 12, art. e29319. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.29319Torque Teno Virus Load Is Associated With Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Stage and CD4+Cell Count in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus but Seems Unrelated to AIDS-Defining Events and Human Pegivirus Load / P. Esser, G. Quintanares, B. Langhans [et al.] // The Journal of Infectious Diseases. – 2024. – Vol. 230, N 2. – P. e437– e446. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiae014Esser P., Quintanares G., Langhans B., Heger E., Böhm M., Jensen B.-E. O. L. E. [et al.]. Torque Teno Virus Load Is Associated With Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Stage and CD4+Cell Count in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus but Seems Unrelated to AIDS-Defining Events and Human Pegivirus Load. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2024, vol. 230, no. 2, pp. e437–e446. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiae014TT Virus in the Nasal Secretions of Children with Acute Respiratory Diseases: Relations to Viremia and Disease Severity / F. Maggi, M. Pifferi, C. Fornai [et al.] // Journal of Virology. – 2003. – Vol. 77, N 4. – P. 2418–2425. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.4.2418-2425.2003Maggi F., Pifferi M., Fornai C., Andreoli E., Tempestini E., Vatteroni M., Presciuttini S., Marchi S., Pietrobelli A., Boner A., Pistello M., Bendinelli M. TT Virus in the Nasal Secretions of Children with Acute Respiratory Diseases: Relations to Viremia and Disease Severity. Journal of Virology, 2003, vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 2418–2425. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.4.24182425.2003Разнообразие праймеров для ПЦР и принципы их подбора / Р. Р. Гарафутдинов, А. Х. Баймиев, Г. В. Малеев [и др.] // Биомика. – 2019. – Т. 11, № 1. – С. 23–70.Garafutdinov R. R., Baimiev A. Kh., Maleev G. V., Alekseev Ya. I., Zubov V. V., Chemeris D. A. [et al.]. Diversity of PCR primers and principles of their design. Biomika = Biomics, 2019, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 23–70 (in Russian).Субач, М. Ф. Современные методы химической модификации аптамеров и принципы выбора библиотек аптамеров / М. Ф. Субач, М. Г. Хренова, М. Э. Зверева // Вестник Московского университета. Серия 2: Химия. – 2024. – Т. 65, № 2. – С. 78–86.Subach M. F., Khrenova M. G., Zvereva M. I. Modern methods of aptamer chemical modification and principles of aptamer library selection. Moscow University Chemistry Bulletin, 2024, vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 79–85. https://doi.org/10.3103/S002713142470010XКонструирование праймеров для ПЦР в программе Primer-BLAST / А. А. Козырева, А. М. Злотина, А. С. Головкин [и др.] // Трансляционная медицина. – 2021. – Т. 8, № 3. – С. 37–52. https://doi.org/10.18705/2311-4495-2021-8-3-37-52Kozyreva A. A., Zlotina A. M., Golovkin A. S., Kalinina O. V., Kostareva A. A. Primer designing in Primer-BLAST. Translyatsionnaya meditsina = Translational Medicine, 2021, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 37–52 (in Russian).Метод количественного определения вирусов TTV в биологическом материале Инструкция по применению № 014-0525, 30.06.2025 / О. В. Осипкина, Е. В. Воропаев, А. Н. Рымко [и др.] // MedBY. – URL: http://med.by/methods/book.php?book=3515 (дата обращения: 10.02.2026).Osipkina O. V., Voropaev E. V., Rymko A. N., Akalovich S. T., Voropaeva A. V., Mitsura V. M., Kovalev A. A. Method for quantitative determination of TTV viruses in biological material. Instructions for use № 014-0525. 30.06.2025. MedBY. Available at: http://med.by/methods/book.php?book=3515 (accessed 10.02.2026) (in Russian).Разработка и апробация метода количественного определения ДНК вирусов рода Alphatorquevirus / О. В. Осипкина, Е. В. Воропаев, А. В. Воропаева [и др.] // Лабораторная диагностика. Восточная Европа. – 2025. – Т. 14, № 4. – С. 571–584.Osipkina O. V., Voropaev E. V., Voropaeva A. V., Valentovich L. N., Rymko A. N., Akalovich S. T., Kovalev A. A. Elaborating and Testing of a Quantification Method for Alphatorquevirus Genus Viruses DNA. Laboratornaya diagnostika. Vostochnaya Evropa = Laboratory Diagnostics. Eastern Europe, 2025, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 571–584 (in Russian).Torque teno virus loads and leukocyte populations in stable outpatient solid organ transplant recipients / J. Jonker, C. S. E. Doorenbos, E. J. Gore [et al.] // International Journal of Infectious Diseases. – 2026. – Vol. 162. – Art. 108217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108217Jonker J., Doorenbos C. S. E., Gore E. J., Gomes-Neto A. W., de Meijer V. E., Blokzijl H. [et al.]. Torque teno virus loads and leukocyte populations in stable outpatient solid organ transplant recipients. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2026, vol. 162, art. 108217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108217Detection and genetic characterization of the novel torque teno virus group 6 in Taiwanese general population / K.-L. Hsiao, L.-Y. Wang, J.-Ch. Cheng [et al.] // Royal Society Open Science. – 2021. – Vol. 8, N 11. – Art. 210938. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210938Hsiao K.-L., Wang L.-Y., Cheng J.-Ch., ChengY.-J., Lin Ch.-L., Liu H.-F. Detection and genetic characterization of the novel torque teno virus group 6 in Taiwanese general population. Royal Society Open Science, 2021, vol. 8, no. 11, art. 210938. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210938Выявление ДНК вирусов TTV и SENV у пациентов с заболеваниями печени и доноров крови / В. М. Мицура, Е. В. Воропаев, О. В. Осипкина [и др.] // Клиническая лабораторная диагностика. Восточная Европа. – 2017. – Т. 6, № 2. – С. 266–275.Mitsura V. M., Voropaev E. V., Osipkina O. V., Tereshkov D. V., Zmushko M. N., Skuratov A. G., Fomchenko N. E., Voropaeva A. E. Detection of DNA of TT and SEN viruses in patients with liver diseases and blood donors. Laboratornaya diagnostika. Vostochnaya Evropa = Laboratory Diagnostics. Eastern Europe, 2017, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 266–275 (in Russian).Torque Teno virus: распространенность и особенности ПЦР-диагностики / О. В. Осипкина, Е. В. Воропаев, В. М. Мицура [и др.] // Проблемы здоровья и экологии. – 2018. ─ Т. 57, № 3. – С. 85–90.Osipkina O. V., Voropaev E. V., Mitsura V. M., Zyat’kov A. A., Tereshkov D. V., Perevolotskaya T. V., Perevolotskii A. N. Torque Teno virus: prevalence and features of PCR diagnostic. Problemy zdorov’ya i ekologii = Health and Environmental Issues, 2018, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 85–90 (in Russian).Сравнение различных вариантов выявления ДНК вирусов TTV, TTMDV и TTMV / О. В. Осипкина, Е. В. Воропаев, В. М. Мицура [и др.] // Проблемы здоровья и экологии. – 2022. – Т. 19, № 1. – С. 102–108.Osipkina O. V., Voropaev E. V., Mitsura V. M., Tereshkov D. V., Kovalev A. A. Comparison of different DNA detection options TTV, TTMDV, and TTMV viruses. Problemy zdorov’ya i ekologii = Health and Environmental Issues, 2022, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 102–108 (in Russian).The Entire Nucleotide Sequence of a TT Virus Isolate from the United States (TUS01): Comparison with Reported Isolates and Phylogenetic Analysis / H. Okamoto, T. Nishizawa, M. Ukita [et al.] // Virology. – 1999. – Vol. 259, N 2. – P. 437–448. https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.1999.9769Okamoto H., Nishizawa T., Ukita M., Takahashi M., Fukuda M., Iizuka H., Miyakawa Y., Mayumi M. The Entire Nucleotide Sequence of a TT Virus Isolate from the United States (TUS01): Comparison with Reported Isolates and Phylogenetic Analysis. Virology, 1999, vol. 259, no. 2, pp. 437–448. https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.1999.9769Development of a minor groove binder assay for real-time PCR detection of porcine Sapelovirus / J. Chen, F. Chen, Q. Zhou [et al.] // Journal of Virological Methods. – 2014. – Vol. 198. – P. 69–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.12.003Chen J., Chen F., Zhou Q., Li W., Chen Y., Song Y., Zhang X., Xue Ch., Y., Cao Y. Development of a minor groove binder assay for real-time PCR detection of porcine Sapelovirus. Journal of Virological Methods, 2014, vol. 198, pp. 69–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.12.003Современные представления о роли torque teno virus (TTV) при заболеваниях печени / И. В. Маев, Т. И. Карлович, А. И. Бурмистров [и др.] // Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. – 2020. – Т. 30, № 4. –С. 7–22.Maev I. V., Karlovich T. I., Burmistrov A. I., Chekmazov I. A., Andreev D. N., Reshetnyak V. I. Current Views of Torque Teno Virus (TTV) in Liver Diseases. Rossiiskii zhurnal gastroenterologii, gepatologii, koloproktologii = Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology, 2020, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 7–22 (in Russian).High Torque teno virus viremia predicts long-term mortality and reflects chronic low-grade inflammation (inflammaging) in geriatric inpatients / L. Cianfruglia, G. V. Badillo Pazmay, C. Fortunato [et al.] // Experimental Gerontology. – 2026. – Vol. 213. – Art. 112978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2025.112978Cianfruglia L., Badillo Pazmay G. V., Fortunato C., Spezia P. G., Novazzi F., Piacenza F. [et al.]. High Torque teno virus viremia predicts long-term mortality and reflects chronic low-grade inflammation (inflammaging) in geriatric inpatients. Experimental Gerontology, 2026, vol. 213, art. 112978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2025.112978Assessment of Torquetenominivirus (TTMV) and Torquetenomidivirus (TTMDV) as Complementary Biomarkers to Torquetenovirus (TTV) / L. Cinti, P. G. Spezia, P. Roberto [et al.] // International Journal of Molecular Sciences. – 2025. – Vol. 26, N 3. – Art. 1022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031022Cinti L., Spezia P. G., Roberto P., Russo G., Lai Q., Carillo C., Frasca F., Antonelli G., Maggi F. Assessment of Torquetenominivirus (TTMV) and Torquetenomidivirus (TTMDV) as Complementary Biomarkers to Torquetenovirus (TTV). International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2025, vol. 26, no. 3, art. 1022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031022Torque teno virus as a marker of immune status in immunocompromised patients: A systematic review / J. B. Medina, F. F. Vieira e Silva, R. A. V. Caixeta [et al.] // European Journal of Clinical Investigation. – 2025. – Vol. 55, N 8. – Art. e70068. https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.70068Medina J. B., Vieira e Silva F. F., Caixeta R. A. V., de Oliveira Rech B., Perez-Jardón A., Padín-Iruegas M. E., PérezSayáns M., Braz-Silva P. H., Ortega K. L. Torque teno virus as a marker of immune status in immunocompromised patients: A systematic review. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2025, vol. 55, no. 8, art. e70068. https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.70068Monitoring of Torque Teno virus DNAemia in critically ill COVID-19 patients: May it help to predict clinical outcomes? / L. Forqué, E. Albert, E. Giménez [et al.] // Journal of Clinical Virology. – 2022. – Vol. 148. – Art. 105082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105082Forqué L., Albert E., Giménez E., Torres I., Carbonell N., Ferreres J., Blasco M. L., Navarro D. Monitoring of Torque Teno virus DNAemia in critically ill COVID-19 patients: May it help to predict clinical outcomes? Journal of Clinical Virology, 2022, vol. 148, art. 105082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105082

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.